线图、柱状图、饼图，表格题
1.介绍段introduction
介绍段内容几乎完全不用创新，就是对题目文字部分的第二段做改写，paraphrase the rubric。所谓改写，要么换词，要么换句式。
例如：(I4-100)
The charts below give information about travel to and from the UK and most popular countries for UK residents to visit.
换词
(1) 图 The charts
图：chart, graph（雅思写作中完全等价，无差别）
线：line / curve chart
柱图：bar / column graph
饼：pie chart
表：table / statistics / figures
(2) 动词“表明”give information about
介绍段是客观描述，用一般现在时态，give information about虽然在这篇作文中最好不再用，但是informal learning，随手学到的东东，留作其它文章再用。替换的词语和结构很多，比如我常用的show /illustrate / demonstrate/compare，大家也可以选几个自己喜欢并且拼写准确的形成风格，年轻时多尝试，年纪大了就要形成风格啦，三个就够，多了白搭，还是那句话，博大不如精深。
第二段其余部分的替换因题而异，比如
travel换成visit，
the UK换成Britain（注意不是England，英格兰只是Britain的一部分），
popular换成fashionable，
country换成nation，
UK residents to visit换成UK tourists。
不过随着练习作文数量的增加，你会惊喜的发现，雅思图表作文，连描述的对象都是类似的。
最后要注意点细节，原文的“below”应省略，因为答题纸上没有图；而第二副图上标注的1999年，可以补充进介绍段。
换句
(1)并列句
The line chart shows that … and the bar graph illustrates that …（分别描述两幅图，形成风格哦，第一幅图用chart，第二副图用graph，第一幅图shows，第二副图illustrates，也许你写的所有文章都类似，但考官只有机会欣赏一篇啊。）
(2)被动语态
… is revealed in the line chart and … is indicated in the bar graph.
One possible answer:
The line chart reveals visits to and from Britain and the bar graph indicates most fashionable nations for UK tourists in 1999.
2.主体段body
过渡：
段首过渡词（1个）
信息出处：
According to the line chart,
As is shown in the line chart,
The line chart shows that …
表示逻辑：
in contrast等等
段内过渡词（1-2个）
顺承：also, besides, in addition
转折：however, in contrast
其它：meanwhile / in the same time, similarly, in particular
简单线图
趋势（包括升降速度）：
The visits increased quickly from about 12 to 53 million from 1979 to 1999.
There was an increase in the visits from about 12 to 53 million from 1979 to 1999.
An increase in the visits can be seen from about 12 to 53 million from 1979 to 1999.
(1)主体：（第二段或图例中有明示）
同义词 travel
The travel increased quickly from about 12 to 53 million from 1979 to 1999.
代词 they
The visits increased quickly from about 12 to 53 million from 1979 to 1999. In particular, they increased very rapidly from 1985 to 1988.
线 line：主要用于不理解图线所代表内容的情况。
the thin（细线） / thick（粗线） / broken（虚线） / dotted（点线） line
The thin line, which represents visits by UK residents, increased from about 12 to 53 million from 1979 to 1999.
(2)增加/减少：动词
increase / decrease, rise/drop（可做名词）
go up / come down
climb / slide
ascend / decline
rocket /plunge（暴增/暴减）
过去的图表用一般过去时；一天24小时的图表用一般现在时。
增加/减少：名词
a sharp / slow / great / slight increase
an upward / rising / increasing tendency
a downward / falling / decreasing trend
(3)升降速度/幅度（去掉-ly就是形容词）
快：quickly / rapidly / swiftly
慢：slowly / gradually / steadily
大：greatly / vastly / considerably / substantially
小：slightly / marginally / minutely
数字副词：
about / around / roughly / more or less 12 million
(4)数字单位用单数
12 million而不是12 millions
(5)时间
from … to … / between … and …
during the period from … to … / between … and … / starting from ….
(6)补充动词
keep / remain / maintain unchanged / constant / stable（保持不变）
fluctuate upward / downward（波动向上/向下）
double / triple / quadruple（2/3/4倍）
A possible answer:
According to the line chart, visits abroad by UK residents increased from about 12 to 57 million from 1979 to 1999. Similarly, overseas travelers to Britain went up from about 10 to 27 million. It is obvious that UK tourists were more and climbed faster than overseas ones during the period.
复杂线图
峰值：peak (v. & n.), summit (v. & n.), highest point
谷值：touch the bottom (v.), nadir (n.), lowest point
稳定时期：plateau (n.高原), lower stationary phase (低稳时期)
A possible answer:
According to the curve chart, daily electricity need is higher in winter (38,000 units on average) than in summer (18,000 units on average). In winter, electricity consumption peaks at 2:00 am and 10:00 pm while it touches the bottom at 0:00 am and 8:00 am. On the other hand, in summer, it summits at 2:00 pm and 11:00 pm, but has a nadir at 9:00 am and a lower stationary phase from 4:00 pm to 9:00 pm.
简单柱图
A possible answer:
The bar graph demonstrates that the most UK visitors went to France and Spain, which were 11.0 and 9.5 million. Also, many British travelers were attracted by the USA (4.0 million), Greece (3.5 million) and Turkey (2.0 million).
复杂柱图
比较：
90% of those who held a skilled vocational diploma were men, compared with only 10% of women.
More women held undergraduate diplomas (70%) and marginally more women reached degree level (55%).
Men with postgraduate diplomas clearly outnumbered their female counterparts (70% and 30% respectively).（摘自《剑桥雅思4》）
饼图
无非是两个表达的组合“占”和百分比。
“占”：
Occupy
Account for
百分比：
A small percentage of … (X%)
A quarter of …
The minority of … (X%)（小部分）
Half of …
The majority of … (X%)
Most of … (X%)
One-fifth of …
A possible answer:
The pie graph demonstrates that heating rooms and water occupies the majority of electricity consumption (52.5%). Then, 17.5% of the electricity demand is shared by ovens, kettles and washing machines. Lighting, TV, radio and vacuum cleaners, food mixers, electric tools are responsible for the rest, with 15% each.
表格
数字引入：图表引用数字的三种主要方法
分词短语：
On average, 11% of all households, comprising almost two million people, were in this position.
括号：
Couples generally tended to be better off, with lower poverty levels for couples without children (7%) than those with children (12%).
介词短语：
However, those consisting of only one parent or a single adult had almost double this proportion of poor people, with 21% and 19% respectively.
词数填充Word filler ：
这些表达没有实际意义，考试的时候可以填充词数。
It is noticeable that …
It is easy to see that …
It is obvious that …
3.比较段comparison / 结论段conclusion：
比较段：
内容无非是数据关联或者特征关联两种可能。
What is also worth mentioning is that … if the two diagrams are considered as a whole.
A possible answer:
What is also worth mentioning is that almost 40% UK tourists selected France and Spain in 1999, if the two diagrams are considered as a whole.
单图结论段：
Overall, the table/chart/graph/diagram suggests that …
A possible answer:
Overall, the table suggests that households of single adults and those with children were more likely to be living in poverty than those consisting of couples.（摘自《剑桥雅思4》）
流程图/示意图/地图
介绍段：
The flow chart / diagram / map illustrates … The whole procedure can be divided into … stages.
主体段：
一般过渡：时间、顺序、目的
时间：to begin with, next, then, later, finally; at the same time / simultaneously
顺序：the first stage involves … / in the second stage / in the third stage / in the last stage
目的：
in order to / in order that; so as to / so that
sample：
According to the diagram, the first step of obtaining water outdoors is to find a hole with green plants on the bottom. Next, remove the green plants on the middle of the bottom and put a container there. Then, cover the hole with a plastic sheet and place some stones on the edge of it to secure its position. Finally, a third stone is laid on the middle of the plastic sheet so that the middle part is also the lowest part.
特殊过渡：状语从句when, where…
When the sun shines on the green plants in the hole, water evaporates from these plants. The vapor rises up and then cools down to form water drops under the plastic sheet. Whenthere is more and more water, it flows along the sheet to accumulate under the lowest part.Finally, water falls down into the container directly under the middle stone
词语多样化：
accumulate / gather / collect / obtain
词语具体化：
水蒸气vapor和蒸发evaporate这样的词并不容易，考试的时候可以用具体的方式加以规避：
The water turns into gas, rises and finally turns into liquid again and gathers under the sheet of plastic.
常用词汇和表达
1、趋势类词汇
上升动词类：
increase, go up, rise up, grow up, jump up, surge, shoot up, keep an upward tendency
下降动词类：
decrease, go down, decline, fall down, drop, sink, dip, keep a downward tendency
波动动词类：
fluctuate
持平动词类：
remain the same, stabilize, remain stable, remain constant
修饰动词的副词：
slightly 轻微地，
slowly 缓慢地，
gradually 逐渐地，
steadily 稳定地，
rapidly 迅速地，
moderately 温和地， 轻微地，
significantly 明显地，
sharply 明显地，
dramatically急剧地，
drastically 急剧地
上升名词类：
increase, rise, growth, jump, surge
下降名词类：
decrease, decline, fall, reduction, drop
波动名词类：
fluctuation
修饰名词的形容词：
slight, slow, gradual, steady, rapid, moderate, significant, sharp, dramatic, drastic
2、极值类词汇和表达
最高点：
reach the peak/top/highest point
Increase to the peak/top/highest point(所有上升类的动词都可以替换掉increase)
最低点：
reach the bottom/lowest point
drop to the bottom/lowest point(所有下降类的动词都可以替换掉drop)
占的最多：
occupy/make up/take up/account for the largest proportion/number/percentage of …
占的最少：
occupy/make up/take up/account for the smallest proportion/number/percentage of…
3、倍数的表达方式
Double 是两倍/大一倍
Increase/decrease three times 增长/减少了三倍
4、大约的表达方式
About/around + 数字
数字 + or so
Approximately + 数字
5、常用的小作文的趋势句式表达
句式一：
变化主体/图画中主体+趋势动词+副词+时间区间
Eg: The number of aged people over 65 increased significantly from 1940-2000。
The number of aged people over 65 dropped slightly from 1960-1980。
The number of aged people over 65 fluctuated between 1 million and 1.2 million from 1940-1950。
The number of aged people over 65 remained stable from 1930-1940。
句式二：
There be + 形容词 + 表示趋势的名词 + in+ 变化的主体+ 时间区间
Eg:
There was an significant increase in the number of aged people over 65 from 1940-2000。
There was a slight decline in the number of aged people over 65 from 1960-1980。
There was a fluctuation between 1 million and 1.2 million from 1940-1950。
希望上述总结对你有帮助！
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