托福阅读经典加试——苏美尔文明与埃及文明（版本一）

美索不达米亚

Mesopotamia 的背景：美索不达米亚亚洲西南部 Tigris['taigris]底格里斯河和 Euphrates[ju:'freiti:z] 幼发拉底河 两河流域间的古王国,美索不达米亚古代西南亚介于底格里斯河和幼发拉底河之间的一个地区，位于现在的伊拉克境内。可能在公元前 5000 年以前就开始有人在此定居。这一地区孕育了众多的人类早期文明，其中包括苏美尔文明、阿卡德文明、巴比伦文明和亚述文明。蒙古侵略者在公元 1258年破坏了该地区发达的灌溉系统之后，这一地区的重要性就此减小。其中巴比伦Babylon 文明以其成就斐然而成为两河流域文明的典范，古巴比伦王国与古埃及、古印度和中国构成了人们所说的世界四大文明古国。

埃及

尼罗河文明：发源于非洲尼罗河(Nile)流域，又称古埃及文明，其历史也可追溯到公元前 4000 年。公元前 3100 年左右，上埃及国王美尼斯统一上下埃及，开始了史称的埃及王朝时期，也就代表了古埃及文明的正式开始。

第一段：美文化和埃及文化同时，但因为美的地域限制一直没有统一。 (有题)平塬，经常受到入侵，四周沙漠，生活好，不统一。开头，it is astonishing that...两个地方在同一时间产生了两种文化，并且互有交流。一个是尼罗河的埃及文化，一个是两河流域的 M 地文化。埃及文化仰仗尼罗河，河水孕育了富饶的土地，两岸有沙漠作为自然屏障。M地不一样，河水土地 narrow and shallow,周围没有起保护作用的天然屏障

第二段：直到一种S人来统一，说了他们的来源和历史，他们建立了一种s文化

第三段：S 文化的实物遗迹少，这又两方面塬因：一当地石料不丰富二当地人没有厚葬的习惯。所以对 S的了解主要基于文字。当初美索不达米亚的居民生活好像挺好的，所以一直没有人提出统一的想法，很久以后才有，可是由于大量的花费在战争上什么的，很快就覆灭了。由于当时的环境条件，那里的人们都用泥土/木头盖房子，所以和埃及不一样，现在我们没找到什么当初留下的建筑物。 我们现在还挖出了许多陶器石板，上面刻着文字，只能通过这些推知历史。后来又变成什么苏美尔了，这是从外面迁徙过来的民族。

第四段：在S文化中最重要的是宗教，每一个城市有一个local god, god无比神圣拥有一切， 代表本城在她的fellow 中议事。 (有题)社会的经济市场就是以寺庙为中心，由牧师组织交易，所以很多的牧师纪录都与此有关。

Mesopotamia culture一种 civilization(文明社会)

还和埃及比较了一下。关于两河 civilization 和 Egypt civilization(埃及社会)的。他们同时存在，有交流，

但没有一方压倒另一方。Egypt 的体制根两河的政治体制不一样，一个united under 一个联合体制下，另外一个则由于地理条件的制约不存在united format 联合体制。另外两河的文明很少有tangible substance (确实的物质)留下来，因为他们的architecture structure(建筑结构) 与Egypt不一样，对他们文字的研究也是通过发掘fragment(碎片)的方法研究的。还讲了两河的 local lord(封建地主),这人不是 fiction 的，他对他那个city state 具有很大的influence，文中讲到的是economic aspect(经济方面)同时，他传话通过一个叫做人君的人传话。讲Mesopotamia 的culture，和Egypt的文化对比。因为两者是两河流域的同时发展起来的文化(考：Mesopotamia 文化是独立于independence Egypt的文化)然后讲述Mesopotamia culture的特点： 建筑物没有Egypt的牢固，文化没有文字记载等。好像有个考题：locationof Ur。)

      题目

1.The word astonishing in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) important (B) unknown (C) amazing (D) interesting

2.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

(A) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia, the “land between the rivers” under pharaonic rule.

(B) Egypt and another great civilization both developed in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 3000 B.C.

(C) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 3000 B.C. at the same time that ancient Egypt was being united.

(D) As Egypt was being united under pharaonic rule, a great civilization arose there.

3.The phrase its substance refers to

(A) the political history of ancient Mesopotamia

(B) divine kingship

(C) Egypt

(D) the sudden collapse of military power

4.The word obscure in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) unclear (B) unique (C) controversial (D) important

5.The author mentions Nor did they share the Egyptians’ concern with the hereafter, in order to

(A) To provide one explanation for the relatively few physical remains of ancient Sumerian society.

(B) To explain why ancient Sumerian built with mud brick and wood rather than with stone.

(C) To help account for the fact that tombs and vaulted chambers have been found only at Ur.

(D) To counter the claim that all ancient societies paid great attention to the afterlife.

6.According to the passage, it can be inferred that the City of Ur is located in Ur

(A) Egypt (B) Persia (C) northern Mesopotamia

(D) near the confluence of Tigris and Euphrates

7.The word vast in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) random (B) very large (C) surprising (D) relatively small

8.According to paragraph 2 and 3, the physical characteristics of Mesopotamia affected Sumerian

civilization in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

(A) Foreign invasions were made easy.

(B) Creating and maintaining political stability was made difficult.

(C) Continuity of cultural and artistic traditions could not be achieved.

(D) Sumerian architecture could not produce long-lasting structures

9.Look at the four [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.

Despite these achievements, scholars know much less about Sumerian life than they would like. 尽管这些成就，学者们对于苏美尔人的生活知道的更少，比起他们爱好什么而言 Where would the sentence best fit? 选第四方块

10.According to paragraph 4, what evidence is used to support the claim that the idea of divine ownership was not “a mere pious fiction”?

(A) The idea of divine ownership originated with the kings of Sumerian city-state.

(B) The idea of divine ownership was the reason why a large part of the harvest was offered to the god.

(C) The idea of divine ownership eventually came to replace “theocratic socialism”.

(D) The idea of divine ownership served as the basis for the economic organization of Sumerian society.

11.，The word considerable in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) substantial (B) fixed (C) valuable (D) limited.

12，In the above passage, all of the following were true of the local god EXCEPT

(A) The local god owned everything and everyone in the city-state.

(B) The local god represented the subjects of the city-state to other gods.

(C) The local god communicated with the people of the city-state through a human ruler.

(D) The local god sometimes fought against the local gods of rival city-states

13，fill in a table问题

Ancient Egyptian Civilization

(1)政治统一了很久时间 (2)有相当多建筑物遗址

Sumerian Civilization

(1) 城邦city-state国家是一个特色(2)从文件中所记载(3)这一个文明受到外部侵略

答案

1.c, 2.c, 3.a, 4.a, 5.a 6.d 7.b 8.c 9.d 10.a 11.d 12.d 13.a, f / c, d, g