第十一罗汉：短语罗汉
小作文中的短语使用一般可以分为分词短语和介宾短语2种用法：
1. 分词短语
I. On average, 11% of all households, comprising almost two million people, were in this position.
II. 300 employees attend full-time course, constituting almost one third of all the employees.
III. Next comes tree-cutting, taking away slightly larger areas of land than farming in all the three regions.
提醒考生们，在使用分词短语时一定要注意语法的准确性，即分词的逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致，否则是要导致扣分的。
IV. Observing the overall workforce does not lead to any surprises as it simply combines the above two, with about two-thirds of all workers working full-time or long hours, and the remaining one-third working part-time.
2. 介宾短语
I. However, those consisting of only one parent or a single adult had almost double this proportion of poor people, with 21% and 19% respectively.
II. Couples generally tended to be better off, with lower poverty levels for couples without children (7%) than those with children (12%).
III. By contrast, the annual distance covered by bicycle, motorbike and air travel only represented an insignificant share, with less than 8 billion passenger kilometers for each.
在第3个例句中，我们要特别注意for each的用法，要将其和respectively区分开来，通过句子的意思来合理使用好这2个词。
IV. Role play and education games had less successful sales, with 7% each.
V. In comparison, student expenditure in country C was considerably lower, at only US $1,500 per year.
VI. Observing the overall workforce does not lead to any surprises as it simply combines the above two, with about two-thirds of all workers working full-time or long hours, and the remaining one-third working part-time.
在最后一个句子中，介词with引导的数据并列结构用连词and连接，使用时，我们一定要保证连词左右的短语都是名词形式，不能出现动词。
第十二罗汉：被动语态罗汉
被动语态在常规的图表题和示意图中都是一个非常重要的组成部分，尤其对于增加句型变化和增加表达复杂度上起了很关键的作用，以下我们来具体看一下被动语态在学术类小作文主体段中的使用理论及法则。
1. 流程图
我们在写流程图的时候同一个动作用2种语态皆可表达，但是若使用被动语态，既避免了主语选择时的纠结，同时也增加了文章的字数，如：
I. In the first stage, the used bottles, discarded by customers, are collected at the collecting point.
II. Following this, the clean bottles are transported by the trucks to the glass factory where they are broken into glass pieces which are put into a furnace
在上面这个句子中，我们可以看到作者连续使用了定语从句这个语法点，然后用被动语态的方式串联前后的动作，这是高分表达的惯用方式，大家不妨仔细品味一下其中的写作理论。
III. In the final stage, new and empty bottles are filled with liquid, packed and dispatched to the supermarket ready to be picked by consumers.
IV. Nitrogen is poured in. Water is needed only when it is hot in weather.
2. 地图题
在地貌变迁图里被动语态的使用相对于流程图来说就更加灵活了，因为地貌变迁图句型的选择面更广，因此被动语态相对来说就成为一种辅助的语法。如：
I. The year 1860 saw a doubling in the number of homes, but the size of farmland and woods was reduced by half.
II. In the same year, a bridge could be seen over the river and a road was constructed linking the river to the residences.
III. Several school buildings and sports facilities were constructed at the south-eastern corner of the village, which were connected with the residential area in the north by a newly-built road.
3. 动态数据
在连续的2段动态变化趋势中，不论相反或者相似，都可以用被动语态来进行句型的切换使之达到更加生猛的效果。如：
I. The number of world population rose slowly in the first 400 years from 1400. However, this was suddenly replaced by a sharply upward trend after 1800 and the figure surged to over 6 billion in 2000.
II. In the first 20 years, the amount of oil discovered increased dramatically by 50%. However, from 1990 onwards, it was suddenly replaced by a sharply downward trend and is predicted to dip to only 20,000 barrels in 2020.
在上面的2个例句中，细心的同学一定会发现，在动态数据变化的描写中，我们喜欢用replace这个动词，加上upward/downward这2个形容词来组合。没错，这几个单词就是我们一开始在采用这种句式时的惯用词汇，大家务必要记住。另外，在句子的衔接上，我们要用表示转折的连词。
III. From Monday to Friday, the dinner sales rose gradually by 20%. However, it was suddenly replaced by a downward trend when the weekend set in, dipping quickly by 10%.
IV. This rise in passenger kilometer number was recorded in air, bus and rail travel but a slight decline was actually found in bicycle and motorbike travel.
在第4个例句中，我们用被动语态来对动态数据的变化作一小结，同时也进行了横向对比，这是被动语态在动态数据中的一种灵活使用方式。
V. This upward trend is expected to last through to the year 2021, when the population is estimated at 87,657,000, more than double the 1901 figure.
4. 静态数据
I. The rest of the students’ spending was divided among leisure, books and others.
II. Leisure spending constituted a larger percentage (20%) of student expenditure in both country A and country B, while in country C more money was spent on books(21%) than on leisure(12%).
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超实用雅思小作文词汇句式整理
雅思小作文也让很多考生头疼。今天小编整理了超实用雅思小作文词汇句式给大家，希望对大家有帮助！
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